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penalize    音标拼音: [p'ɛnəl,ɑɪz] [p'inəl,ɑɪz]
vt. 处刑,宣告有罪,使不利

处刑,宣告有罪,使不利

penalize
v 1: impose a penalty on; inflict punishment on; "The students
were penalized for showing up late for class"; "we had to
punish the dog for soiling the floor again" [synonym: {punish},
{penalize}, {penalise}]

Penalize \Pe"nal*ize\, v. t.
1. To make penal.
[1913 Webster]

2. (Sport.) To put a penalty on. See {Penalty}, 3. [Eng.]
[1913 Webster]


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  • Race, religion and identity: Arab Christians in the United States
    Women and men faced differing challenges from prevailing stereotypes of Arabs and gendered expectations of race The term ‘ancient Christian’ was used to denote a non-Muslim identity and claim an original Christianity located in the Middle East
  • The Contested Whiteness of Arab Identity in the United States . . .
    Arabs in the United States are racialized and discriminated against based on one religion, Islam: Most Arabs in the United States come from diverse religious traditions, including Christianity, Judaism, Bahá’í, Druze, and Yazidism, and others adopt no religious tradition
  • Becoming US Citizens: Muslims and Christians From . . . - Maydan
    Naturalization records at NARA and US passports held tightly by living generations of ancestors stand testament to the reality of Middle Eastern Muslims becoming American, like their fellow Christian and Jewish co-nationalists, and other non-Europeans from various backgrounds
  • New York University Annual Survey of American Law
    Judges during the Naturalization Era viewed “Arab” as synonymous with “Muslim” identity Because Muslims were presumed to be non-white, and Arabs were presumed to be Muslims, Arabs were presumptively inel-igible for citizenship This presumption, however, could be rebut-ted
  • Arab American Acculturation and Ethnic Identity Across the . . .
    As mentioned above, scholarship has documented a fusion between religiosity and higher ethnic identity for Arab Americans Both Christian and Muslim Arab Americans may use religion as a guidebook for what aspects of American culture to adopt or reject (Eid, 2003; Read, 2004) In that respect, religion is often utilized as a source of strength
  • Between Muslim and White: The Legal Construction of Arab . . .
    This Article examines the legal origins of Arab-American identity during the racially restrictive Naturalization Era (1790 through 1952), when whiteness was a prerequisite for American citizenship Ten of the 53 naturalization hearings during this era involved a petitioner from the Arab World
  • Assimilating to a White Identity: The Case of Arab Americans
    Racial identity is one of the primary means by which immigrants assimilate to the United States Drawing from the tenets of segmented assimilation, of a white racial identity using a regionally representative sample of Arab Americans Results illustrate that those who were Lebanese Syrian





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